Leaching of more- or less-polar chemicals was assessed by extracting PC-replacement products with more-polar (water or saline) or less-polar (ethanol (EtOH)) solvents, or mixtures of water and EtOH. We used two well established in vitro mammalian cell-based assays validated by ICCVAM/NICEATM/OECD (BG1Luc assay) or that has been undergoing validation (MCF-7 assay: ). Given these considerations, we performed a hazard-analysis survey that examined the leaching of chemicals with EA in over 1000 assays from 50 reusable, hard and clear, PC-replacement products. Fetal, infant and juvenile mammals have been reported to be especially sensitive to low doses of chemicals that exhibit EA. Chemicals with EA bind to one or more estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, and can produce various adverse health effects in mammals, such as early menarche, reduced sperm counts and other altered functions of reproductive organs, obesity, and increased rates of some cancers. EA is the most-studied form of such endocrine disruptor activity.
Ĭhemicals are said to have EA if they mimic in vitro and/or in vivo actions of naturally occurring estrogens such as 17β-estradiol (E2). PC-replacement products made from such resins might also release other additives that exhibit EA used in their manufacture such as triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or degradation chemicals such as phenols. Such BPA-free polymers would include acrylic, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG), polyether sulfone (PES), polystyrene (PS), Tritan™ copolyester and BPS resins.
However, PC-replacement products made from other BPA-free polymers might also release monomers having EA. PC plastics were recently not recommended for use as baby products by the US FDA and such use has also been limited or banned in some other jurisdictions such as Canada, Minnesota and some EU countries PC plastics are now not as widely used as they were several years ago in many consumer products. Until recently, many reusable, hard and clear, plastic products were commonly synthesized using BPA, a chemical known to have estrogenic activity (EA) that leaches from polycarbonate (PC) plastic products. Furthermore, the high heat and other stresses of the manufacturing processes often generate additional leachable “degradation chemicals” that might have EA. Since polymerization is not complete, unpolymerized monomers such as bisphenol A (BPA) can leach from the finished product, as can any additive. All such additives are typically not part of the more chemically-tightly-bound, polymerized-monomer backbone of the plastic product. The final plastic product may receive yet-more chemical additives such as inks. More chemicals such as other antioxidants, thermal stabilizers, plasticizers, impact modifiers, clarifiers, colorants, mold release agents and rheology modifiers are then often added to the resin that is then heated and molded in various stages to make a product, or a single piece of a multi-piece product, each often composed of different chemicals. Official Videogame(s) of CORINTHIANS © Manchester United Football Club Limited 2021 All rights reserved © Wembley National Stadium Limited 2021 All other copyrights or trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are used under license.Plastic resins are made by polymerizing one or more monomers in the presence of additives such as antioxidants, initiators, catalysts, thermal stabilizers, etc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Official product manufactured and distributed by KONAMI under licence granted by A.S. and Stichting CAO voor Contractspelers ™ © 2021 THE ARSENAL FOOTBALL CLUB PLC. © The Football Association Ltd 2021 Copyright FFF © Official Licensee of the FIGC The FIGC logo is a registered trade mark of the Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY JFA Official Licensed Product of the RFEF Officially Licensed by Eredivisie C.V. Official Licensed Product of Deutscher Fußball-Bund produced by Konami Digital Entertainment.
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